Detección de proteínas lácteas en alimentos infantiles en polvo con frases de advertencia / Detection of Milk Proteins in Powder Infant Foods with Precautionary Statements / Detecção de proteínas lácteas em alimentos infantis em pó com frases de advertência

En Argentina, la Comisión Nacional de Alimentos debe elaborar una propuesta de adecuación de la Declaración obligatoria de los componentes alérgenos en el rótulo de los alimentos (art. 235 séptimo del Código Alimentario Argentino). La posibilidad de declarar frases de advertencia es uno de los temas en estudio. En el mercado se encuentran productos en polvo para lactantes y niños en la primera infancia que presentan la frase: Elaborado enuna línea donde se procesan productos con leche. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar este grupo de alimentos con el fin de determinar la posible presencia de proteínas lácteas. Las muestras analizadas fueron cuatro lotes diferentes de los productos 5 cereales, Arroz, Trigo con miel, Vainilla, Maíz y Trigo con frutas. La determinación de leche se realizó utilizando kits ELISA de las marcas r-biopharm y Veratox de Neogen. Debido a que no existe un consenso internacional respecto de los valores umbrales para la posible declaración de alérgenos en alimentos, se consideraron como valores de referencia los de la legislación japonesa; el programa EU- VITAL y el programa VITAL 2.0. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, 15 lotes presentaron valores de leche por debajo delos límites de cuantificación de los kits y 9 lotes presentaron concentraciones desde 2,9 hasta 17,5 ppm de proteínas de leche. Considerando los valores obtenidos para cada lote se estableció, para cada legislación o programa internacional, de qué manera debería declarar se el alérgeno leche. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, si la empresa lleva a cabo un plan eficaz de control de alérgenos en los productos analizados, nos parece que sería adecuado el uso de una frase de advertencia.

In Argentina, the National Food Commission (CONAL, byits acronym in Spanish) should formulate a modification of the mandatory declaration of allergens on food labels (art. 235 7° of the Argentine Food Code). The possibility of using allergen precautionary statements is one of the items under study. In the market there are powder products for infants and children in early childhood that show the phrase "produced in a factory that processes milk products". The aim of this study was to analyse this group of foods in order to determine the possible presence of milk proteins. Samples from four different batches of the products 5 cereals, rice, wheat with honey, vanilla, corn and wheat with fruit were analysed. The detection and quantification of milk was performed using ELISA kits from R- biopharm and Veratox from Neogen. As there is no international consensus on threshold values for the possible declaration of allergens in foods, the Japanese legislation, the EU VITAL program and the VITAL 2.0 program were considered as reference values. According to the results obtained, the milk values were below the detection limits of the kits in 15 batches and the concentration of milk proteins were between 2,9 and 17,5 ppm in 9 batches. With the values obtained for each batch, it was established how the milk allergen has to be declared according to the legislation or international program considered as reference value. In view of our results, if the company carries out an effective plan to control allergens, the use of a allergen precautionary statement in the tested products seems to be appropriate.

Na Argentina, a Comissão Nacional de Alimentos deve elaborar uma proposta de adequação da Declaração obrigatória dos componentes alérgenos no rótulo dos alimentos ((art. 235 sétimo do Código Alimentar Argentino). A possibilidade de declarar frases de advertência é um dos sistemas em estudo. No mercado existem produtos em pó para lactantes e crianças na primeira infância que apresentam a frase: Elaborado em um alinha onde são processados produtos com leite. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar este grupo de alimentos com o fim de determinar a possível presença de proteínas lácteas. As amostras analisadas foram quatro lotes diferentes dos produtos 5 cereais, Arroz, Trigo com mel, Baunilha Milho e Trigo com frutas. A determinação de leite foi realizada utilizando ELISA das marcas r-biopharm e Veratox da Neogen. Devido ao fato de que não existe um consenso internacional a respeito dos valores limiares para a possível declaração de alérgenos em alimentos, foram considerados como valores de referência os da legislação japonesa; o programa EU- VITAL e o programa VITAL 2.0. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, 15 lotes apresentaram valores de leite abaixo dos limites de quantificação dos kits e 9lotes apresentaram concentrações de 2,9 até 17,5 ppm de proteínas de leite. Considerando os valores obtidos para cada lote foi estabelecido, para cada legislação ou programa internacional, de que modo deveria ser declarado o alérgeno leite. De acordo com os nossos estudos, se a empresa realiza um plano eficaz de controle de alérgenos nos produtos analisados, acreditamos que seria adequado o uso de uma frase de advertência.

[Mineral bioaccessibility in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St) infusions and mixtures with iron fortified milk]. / Bioaccesibilidad de minerales en infusiones de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St) y en mezclas con leches fortificadas con hierro.

The bioaccesibility of various minerals in infusions of yerba male (mate cocido) and preparations with Fe-fortified milk was assessed to determine the influence of the infusions on the potential bioavailability of intrinsic minerals and fortified Fe. The dialyzability (D) of iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc was evaluated, as indicator of bioaccesibility in milk samples fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS), ferric bisglicinate GF) and EDTANaFe. Dialyzability was also evaluated in mixtures of milk with mate cocido and in infusions cooked with Fe-fortified milk. In each case the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) in a ratio Fe: AA 1:4 was studied. In the mate cocido FeD was zero and increased to 15% with the addition of AA. The FeD in milk with SF, BGF and EDTANaFe (1.2, 1.0 and 27.4 respectively), increased with the addition of AA to 2.9, 3.5 and 24.8. The FeD in the mixture milk: mate cocido was 4.7%, 5.7% and 31.2% for SF, BGF and EDTANaFe respectively. With the addition of AA was 13.5%, 13.7% and 25.7%. In infusions cooked with SF fortified milk, the values were lower than those of the mixture. The CaD did not show significant changes in Fe fortified milk and its preparations with yerba mate, while the MgD and ZnD only showed a significant reduction in infusion cooked with Fe-fortified milk. The use of infusions of yerba mate does not provide significant amounts of minerals. However, its use in mixtures with milk will not adversely affect the availability of Fe in that matrix.

Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción / Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the adition of different iron absorption promoters

Los alimentos complementarios más utilizados son las dietas caseras. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la disponibilidad de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil de consumo habitual conteniendo pan fortificado con diferentes fuentes de hierro: sulfato ferroso, bisglicinato ferroso, NaFeEDTA. También se utilizó pan sin fortificar con agregado de ácido ascórbico, citrato de sodio o Na2EDTA como promotores de la absorción, combinada con diversas bebidas. La dieta (papa, zapallo, sémola, pan y manzana) se combinó con agua, leche, té, bebida cola y bebida artificial a base de naranja. La dializabilidad (D) mineral, como indicador de la disponibilidad potencial fue determinada utilizando un método in vitro. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando ANOVA, con test de Tukey a posteriori. No hubo diferencias significativas en la DFe entre las dietas del pan fortificado con sulfato o bisglicinato; con el NaFeEDTA aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). El aumento de la DFe fue mayor en las dietas que tenían panes con promotores que en las que tenían panes fortificados. La bebida a base de naranja aumentó la DFe, mientras que el té y la leche la disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05). La DZn aumentó en forma significativa cuando el pan estaba fortificado con sulfato o NaFeEDTA, pero no cuando se fortificó con bisglicinato. El agregado de té o leche disminuyó la DZn mientras que la bebida a base de naranja la aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). En relación a los promotores, las mayores DFe y DZn se observaron en las dietas con el pan sin fortificar, con agregado de Na2EDTA.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p<0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p<0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

Bioaccesibilidad de minerales en infusiones de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St) y en mezclas con leches fortificadas con hierro

Se evaluó la bioaccesibilidad de diversos minerales en infusiones de yerba mate y en preparaciones con leche fortificada con Fe para determinar la influencia de las infusiones en la biodisponibilidad potencial de minerales intrínsecos y del Fe de fortificación. Se evaluó la dializabilidad (D) de hierro, calcio, magnesio y zinc, como indicador de la bioaccesibilidad, en muestras de leche fortificada con sulfato ferroso (SF), bisglicinato férrico (BGF) y EDTANaFe. También se evaluó en mezclas de leche con mate cocido y en infusiones-cocciones con leches fortificadas. En cada caso se estudió la acción del ácido ascórbico (AA) en una relación Fe:AA 1:4. En el mate cocido la DFe fue nula y aumentó a 15% con el agregado de AA. La DFe en leche con SF, BGF y EDTANaFe (1.2; 1.0 y 27.4 respectivamente), se incrementó con el agregado de AA a 2.9; 3.5 y 24.8. La DFe en la mezcla leche:mate cocido resultó 4.7%; 5.7% y 31.2% para SF, BGF y EDTANaFe respectivamente. Con el agregado de AA resultó de 13.5%; 13.7% y 25.7% En infusiones- cocciones en leche fortificada con SF, los valores resultaron menores a los de la mezcla. La DCa no presentó variaciones importantes en las leches fortificadas y sus preparaciones con yerba mate, mientras que la DMg y la DZn solo mostraron una disminución significativa en la infusión-cocción. El consumo de infusiones de yerba mate no aporta cantidades significativas de minerales. Sin embargo, su consumo en mezclas con leche no afectaría negativamente la disponibilidad de Fe en dicha matriz.

The bioaccesibility of various minerals in infusions of yerba mate (mate cocido) and preparations with Fe-fortified milk was assessed to determine the influence of the infusions on the potential bioavailability of intrinsic minerals and fortified Fe. The dialyzability (D) of iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc was evaluated, as indicator of bioaccesibility in milk samples fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS), ferric bisglicinate GF) and EDTANaFe. Dialyzability was also evaluated in mixtures of milk with mate cocido and in infusions cooked with Fe-fortified milk. In each case the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) in a ratio Fe: AA 1:4 was studied. In the mate cocido FeD was zero and increased to 15% with the addition of AA. The FeD in milk with SF, BGF and EDTANaFe (1.2, 1.0 and 27.4 respectively), increased with the addition of AA to 2.9, 3.5 and 24.8. The FeD in the mixture milk: mate cocido was 4.7%, 5.7% and 31.2% for SF, BGF and EDTANaFe respectively. With the addition of AA was 13.5%, 13.7% and 25.7%. In infusions cooked with SF fortified milk, the values were lower than those of the mixture. The CaD did not show significant changes in Fe fortified milk and its preparations with yerba mate, while the MgD and ZnD only showed a significant reduction in infusion cooked with Fe-fortified milk. The use of infusions of yerba mate does not provide significant amounts of minerals. However, its use in mixtures with milk will not adversely affect the availability of Fe in that matrix.

[Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the addition of different iron absorption promoters]. / Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p < 0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p < 0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

Effects of roasting and boiling of quinoa, kiwicha and kañiwa on composition and availability of minerals in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Andean indigenous crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) seeds are good sources of minerals (calcium and iron). Little is known, however, about mineral bioavailability in these grains. Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the iron, calcium and zinc potential availability in raw, roasted and boiled quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha seeds. Potential availability was estimated by dialyzability. RESULTS: These seeds are good sources of phenolic compounds and kañiwa of dietary fiber. Their calcium, zinc and iron content is higher than in common cereals. In general, roasting did not significantly affect mineral dialyzability. Conversely, in boiled grains there was an increase in dialyzability of zinc and, in the case of kañiwa, also in iron and calcium dialyzability. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the high content of minerals in Andean grains, the potential contribution of these minerals would not differ considerably from that of wheat flour. Further studies are required to research the effect of extrusion on mineral availability in Andean grains.

[Estimation of potentially available protein in infant starting formulas for term and preterm neonates]. / Estimación de proteína potencialmente utilizable en fórmulas infantiles de inicio para neonatos prematuros y de término.

Sixteen milk-based starting formulas were analyzed with the aim of calculating their "true protein" content and assessing "in vitro" protein digestibility, in order to estimate levels of potentially available protein. Ten of them were designed for term infants: 7 had a casein:whey protein ratio 40:60 (adapted formulas) and 3 a ratio 80:20 (non-adapted); the 6 remaining formulas (all adapted) were for preterm infants. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method. True protein was calculated as (total N--non-protein N) x 6.25. NPN was determined in the soluble fraction, after protein precipitation with 24% trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation. Digestibility was assessed by digestion with pepsin and pancreatin, and defined as the increase in non-protein N after enzymatic digestion. Values for true protein were from 1.3 to 2.3 g/dL and for non protein N, from 4.5 to 13.7%. Digestibility values varied between 59.0 and 92.5%; an inverse trend was observed between protein digestibility and protein content. Considering both the "true protein" levels and their digested proportions, all preterm and 60% of the term formulas would present potentially available amounts below those recommended. These observations constitute an alert, even though this method of assessing "in vitro" protein digestibility represents only an approximation to physiological processes; however, it could be useful in order to evaluate the intensity of the heat treatments to which these formulas were subjected. On the other hand, since NPN allows the estimation of the true protein provided by the formulas, either its percentage or the true protein content could be included on the label.

Estimación de proteína potencialmente utilible en fórmulas infantiles de inicio para neonatos prematuros y de término / Estimation of potentially available protein in starting formulas for term and preterm infants

Se analizaron 16 fórmulas de inicio con base en leche de vaca el objeto de calcular su aporte de "proteína verdadera" y evaluar la digestibilidad proteica "in vitro" para estimar los niveles de proteína potencialmente utilizable. Diez de ellas estaban destinadas a neonatos nacidos a terminó: 7 con una relación caseína: proteínas del suero 40:60 (leches adaptadas) y 3 con una relación 80:20 (no adaptadas); las 6 restantes (adaptadas) eran fórmulas para prematuros. El nitrógeno se determinó por el método de Kjeldahl. la proteína verdadera se calculó como (N total-N noproteíco) x 6,25. El NNP se determinó en la fracción soluble, luego de precipitar las proteínas con ácido tricloroacético al 24 por ciento y posterior centrifugación. la digestibilidad se evaluó por digestión con pepsina y pancreatina, con base en el incremento del N no proteico después de la acción enzimatica. Los límites de proteína verdadera fueron de 1,3 a 2,3 g/dL y el de N no proteico se encontró entre 4,5 y 13,7 por ciento. La digestibilidad proteica osciló entre 59,0 y 92,5 por ciento observandose una tendencia inversa con el contenido proteico. Considerando el aporte de proteína "verdadera" así como la proporción que sería digerida, la totalidad de las fórmulas destinadas a prematuros y el 60 por ciento de las de terminó contendría niveles de proteína potencialmente utilizable por debajo de los valores recomendados. estas observaciones constituyen un llamado de atención, a pesar de que el método "in vitro" representa sólo una aproximación a los procesos fisiológicos; sin embargo, podría resultar útil para evaluar la intensidad de los tratamientos térmicos a los que han sido sometidos estas fórmulas. Por otra parte, dadoque el NNP permite estimar la proteína verdadera que aportan las fórmulas, sería aconsejable incluir en el rótulo el por ciento de NNP o el contenido de proteína verdadera